![]() ![]() However, the more common chess notation would be to only use + and –. The symbols ± and ∓ are used in chess notation to denote an advantage for white and black, respectively. For example, to indicate that a value is most likely 5.7, but may be as high as 5.9 or as low as 5.6, one may write 5.7 +0.2 Separate values for the upper and lower bounds may also be used. For example, 230 ☑0% V refers to a voltage within 10% of either side of 230 V (from 207 V to 253 V inclusive). A common use of this notation is found in the quadratic formula x = − b ± b 2 − 4 a c 2 a, and d is range updated using interval arithmetic.Ī percentage may also be used to indicate the error margin. Only one of these two replaced equations is true for any valid solution. This indicates that the equation has two solutions, each of which may be obtained by replacing this equation by one of the two equations x = +3 or x = −3. įor example, given the equation x 2 = 9, one may give the solution as x = ☓. In mathematical formulas, the ± symbol may be used to indicate a symbol that may be replaced by either the plus and minus signs, + or −, allowing the formula to represent two values or two equations. Ī version of the sign, including also the French word ou ("or"), was used in its mathematical meaning by Albert Girard in 1626, and the sign in its modern form was used as early as 1631, in William Oughtred's Clavis Mathematicae. In linguistics, it may idicate a distinctive feature, such as. ![]() In electronics, this sign may indicate a dual voltage power supply, such as ±5 volts means +5 volts and -5V volts, when used with audio circuits and operational amplifiers.In chess, the sign indicates a clear advantage for the white player the complementary minus-or-plus sign, ∓, indicates the same advantage for the black player.In chemistry, the sign is used to indicate a racemic mixture.In botany, it is used in morphological descriptions to notate "more or less".In engineering, the sign indicates the tolerance, which is the range of values that are considered to be acceptable, safe, or which comply with some standard or with a contract.In medicine, it means "with or without".The sign may also represent an inclusive range of values that a reading might have. In experimental sciences, the sign commonly indicates the confidence interval or uncertainty bounding a range of possible errors in a measurement, often the standard deviation or standard error.In mathematics, it generally indicates a choice of exactly two possible values, one of which is obtained through addition and the other through subtraction.The plus–minus sign, ±, is a mathematical symbol with multiple meanings. U+2213 ∓ MINUS-OR-PLUS SIGN ( &MinusPlus, ∓, &mp ) U+00B1 ± PLUS-MINUS SIGN ( ±, &PlusMinus, &pm ) ![]()
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